Visualizza wikitesto di Timeline of computer animation in film and television

'''See also:''' [[History of computer animation]]

This is a chronological list of films and television programs that have been recognised as being pioneering in their use of [[computer animation]].

== 1960s-1970s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
|-
| ''Rendering of a planned highway''
|1961
|In 1960, a 30-second vector animation of a car traveling down a planned highway at 110&nbsp;km/h was created at the Swedish [[Royal Institute of Technology]] on the [[BESK]] computer. The short animation was broadcast on November 9, 1961 on national television.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhNT501DsJI]</ref><ref>http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/1/198.html</ref>
|-
| ''Hummingbird''
|1967
|A ten-minute computer animated film by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer. This was awarded a prize at the 4th annual International Experimental Film Competition in Brussels, Belgium and in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York City.  The subject was a line drawing of a hummingbird for which a sequence of movements appropriate to the bird were programmed. Over 30,000 images comprising some 25 motion sequences were generated by the computer.<ref>[http://www.siggraph.org/artdesign/profile/csuri/artworks/plot/plot9.html]</ref><ref>{{youtube|awvQp1TdBqc|Charles Csuri, Fragmentation Animations, 1968 - 1970: Hummingbird (1968)}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kitty''
|1968
|A group of Russian mathematicians and physicists headed by [[Nikolay Konstantinov|N. Konstantinov]] created a mathematical model of a moving cat. A program was made for the computer [[BESM]]-4. The computer then printed hundreds of frames to be later converted to film.<ref>[http://www.etudes.ru/ru/mov/kittie/]</ref><ref>[http://www.geekosystem.com/kitty-computer-animation-russia-1968-video/]</ref><ref>{{youtube|0O4mm3hXNgA|Kitty. - N.Konstantinov.}}</ref>
|-
| ''Metadata''
|1971
|This is an experimental 2D animated short drawn on a data tablet by [[Peter Foldes]], who used the world's first key frame animation software, invented by Nestor Burtnyk and Marceli Wein.<ref>[http://www.nfb.ca/collection/films/fiche/?id=10954]</ref><ref>[http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/aboutUs/nrc90/achievements/animation_e.html]</ref><ref>[http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/tree/nfbc.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p021.htm]</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Computer Animated Hand]]''
|1972
|Produced by [[Ed Catmull]], the short demonstrates a computer animated hand, as well as human faces. The film was inducted into the [[National Film Registry]] in 2011.
|-
|''[[Westworld]]''
|1973
|First use of 2D computer animation in a significant entertainment [[feature film]]. The point of view of [[Yul Brynner]]'s gunslinger was achieved with [[raster graphics]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2004-09-14-sky-captain-cgi_x.htm | work=USA Today | title='Sky Captain' takes CGI to limit | first1=Scott | last1=Bowles | date=2004-09-15 | accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref><ref name="filmsite9">[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects9.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones - Part 9<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]''
|align="center" |1974
|First [[television program|television series]] to use CGI in the intro.
|-
|''[[Great (1975 film)|Great]]''
|1975
|The [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning 1975 short animated film about the life of the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] engineer [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] contains a brief sequence of a rotating [[Wire-frame model|wire-frame]] model of Brunel's final project, the iron steam ship [[SS Great Eastern]].
|-
|''[[Futureworld]]''
|1976
|First use of [[3D computer graphics]] for animated hand and face. Used 2D digital compositing to materialize characters over a background.<ref name="filmsite9"/>
|-
|''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''
|align="center" |1977
|Used an animated 3D [[Wire-frame model|wire-frame]] graphic for the trench run briefing sequence.
|-
|''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]''
|align="center" |1978
|First film with a computer-generated title sequence.<ref>[http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/timeline.html]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Black Hole]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center |1979
|Used raster [[wire-frame model]] rendering for the open credits depicting a 3D wireframe of a black hole.<ref name=filmsite10>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects10.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones - Part 10]</ref>
|-
|''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]''
|Used raster [[wire-frame model]] rendering for navigation monitors in the landing sequence.<ref name="filmsite9"/>
|}

== 1980s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
|-
|''[[Looker]]''
|align="center" |1981
|First CGI human character, Cindy. Also, first use of 3D-shaded CGI.<ref name=filmsite10/><ref>Netzley, pg. 49.</ref>
|-
|''[[The Works (film)|The Works]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1982
|The [[New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab]] premiered a trailer at [[SIGGRAPH]] for their CGI project. This would have been the first feature-length CGI film, but it was never completed.
|-
|''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]''
|[[Industrial Light & Magic|ILM]] computer graphics division develops "Genesis Effect", the first use of a fractal-generated landscape in a film.<ref name="wpost-incredible">{{cite news|author=Pegoraro, Rob|date=June 29, 2008|title=Incredibles, Inc; The story of how computer programmers transformed the art of movie animation|work=[[The Washington Post]]|page=W8}}</ref> Bill Reeves leads the Genesis Effect programming team, and creates a new graphics technique called "Particle Systems".
|-
|''[[Tron]]''
|First extensive use (15 min. fully computer generated) of 3D CGI including the famous [[Light Cycle]] sequence.<ref>[http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/tron.html Tron - The 1982 movie]</ref> Also includes very early facial animation (for the [[List of Tron characters#Master Control Program|Master Control Program]]).
|-
|''[[Golgo 13: The Professional|Golgo 13]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1983
|First animated film to use CGI.<ref name = CBM>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=Comic Book Movies |publisher=Virgin Books |isbn=0-7535-0767-6 |date=2003|page=27}}</ref> Entirely digital models of revolvers, skeletons, helicopters, and skyscrapers are used in the film's title sequence and part of the climax.
|-
|''[[Dream Flight]]''
| First 3D generated film telling a story, shown in Electronic Theater in SIGGRAPH ‘83
|-
|''[[Rock & Rule]]''
|First Western animated film to use computer graphics.<ref name=filmsite11>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects11.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones - Part 11]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Last Starfighter]]''
|rowspan=4 align="center" |1984
|Uses CGI for all spaceship shots, replacing traditional models. First use of "integrated CGI" where the effects are supposed to represent real world objects.<ref name=filmsite11/>
|-
|''[[Lensman: Secret of The Lens]]''
|Uses CGI for spaceships and other scenes. 
|-
|''[[The Adventures of André and Wally B.]]''
|[[Lucasfilm]]'s [[computer animation]] division creates an all-CGI-animated short. The first CGI animation with [[motion blur]] effects and [[squash and stretch]] motion.
|-
|''[[2010: The Year We Make Contact]]''
|[[Jupiter]]'s turbulent atmosphere is CGI-rendered, mostly during the black spot shots.
|-
|''Tony de Peltrie''
|rowspan=4 align="center" |1985
|First CGI-animated human character to express emotion through his face and body language.<ref>[http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.12/3.12pages/townsendcanada.php3 Along the Banks of the St. Lawrence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Black Cauldron (film)|The Black Cauldron]]''
|First animated movie with CGI-effects.<ref name=blackcauldron>[http://plsgennep.com/amdb/The_Black_Cauldron]</ref>
|-
|''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]''
|[[Lucasfilm]] creates the first [[Rendering (computer graphics)|photorealistic]] CGI character, "stained glass knight" with 10 seconds of screentime.<ref>Netzley, 246.</ref><ref name=filmsite12>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects11.html Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones - Part 12]</ref>
|-
|''[[Money for Nothing (song)#Music video|Dire Straits - Money for Nothing]]''
|The first computer-generated [[music video]].<ref name=filmsite12/> The animators would go on to found [[Mainframe Entertainment]].
|-
|''[[Flight of the Navigator]]''
|rowspan=4 align="center" |1986
|The first use of [[reflection mapping]] in a [[feature film]], used for the flying alien [[spacecraft]].<ref name=filmsite12/>
|-
|''[[Labyrinth (film)|Labyrinth]]''
|First realistic [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] [[animal]].<ref name=filmsite12/>
|-
|''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]''
|First use of the [[Cyberware (company)|Cyberware]] [[3D scanner]], first 3D [[morphing]].<ref name=filmsite12/>
|-
| ''[[Luxo Jr.]]''
|First use of [[shadow]]s in [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]], made with the specially developed software [[RenderMan Interface Specification|Photorealistic Renderman]]. First Pixar film, and first CGI film to be nominated for an [[Academy Award]].
|-
|''[[Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1987
|First [[TV series]] to include characters modeled entirely with [[computer]]s.
|-
|''[[Knightmare]]''
|First [[game show]] with interaction between humans and computer-generated surroundings.
|-
|''[[Rendez-vous in Montreal]]''
|First 3D generated film involving [[virtual actors]] Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart
|-
|''[[Willow (film)|Willow]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1988
|First photorealistic use of morphing effect in a [[feature film]].<ref>Netzley, 239.</ref>
|-
|''[[Akira (film)|Akira]]''
|CGI is used to animate the pattern indicator, and to plot the paths of falling objects, model parallax effects on backgrounds, and tweak lighting and lens flares.<ref name="CBM" />
|-
|''[[Tin Toy]]''
|First computer-animated short film to win an Oscar.
|-
|''[[The Abyss]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center"|1989
|First digital 3D water effect.<ref name=netzley50>Netzley, 50.</ref>
|-
|''[[The Jim Henson Hour]]''
|TV series with real-time and rendered CGI featuring digitally puppeteered CG character "Waldo."
|-
|''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''
|First [[Digital compositing|all-digital composite]].<ref name=netzley50/>
|}

==1990s==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
<!-- |-
|''[[Total Recall]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1990
|Use of [[motion capture]] for CGI Characters. -->
|-
|''[[Die Hard 2]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center" |1990
|First digitally-manipulated [[matte (filmmaking)|matte]] painting.<ref name=netzley50/>
|-
|''[[RoboCop 2]]''
|An early use of real-time computer graphics or "[[digital puppetry]]" to create a character in a motion picture.<ref name=filmsite14>[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects14.html Part 14]</ref>
|-
|''[[Backdraft (film)|Backdraft]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center" |1991
|First use of photorealistic CGI fire in a motion picture.<ref name=filmsite14/>
|-
| ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''
|First realistic human movements on a CGI character.<ref name=netzley50/> The first partially computer-generated main character and the first blockbuster movie to feature multiple morphing effects.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects14.html | title=Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones | publisher=Filmsite.org | accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> First use of a personal computer to create major movie 3D effects.
|-
| ''[[Death Becomes Her]]''
|align="center" |1992
|First human [[skin]] CGI software.<ref name=netzley50/>
|-
|''[[Quarxs]]''
|rowspan=5 align="center"|1993
|First broadcast series of animated CGI shorts.
|-
| ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''
|First photorealistic CG creatures.<ref name=netzley50/>
|-
|''[[VeggieTales]]''
|First completely computer animated direct-to-video release.
|-
|''[[Babylon 5]]''
|First [[television program|television series]] to use CGI as the primary method for its visual effects. First TV use of virtual sets.
|-
| ''[[Insektors]]''<ref>Created in 1993. ''2nd Prize for the category 3D Animation Imagina'' in  1993 for the episode "''Some Flowers for Bakrakra''" [http://www.awn.com/fantome/english/fr_prix.htm]</ref>
|First fully computer animated TV series. First use of [[character animation]] in a [[Computer animation|computer animated]] television series.
|-
|''[[Radioland Murders]]''
|rowspan=4 align="center" |1994
|First use of virtual CGI sets with live actors.<ref name=first>{{cite book | author= Marcus Hearn | title = The Cinema of George Lucas | publisher =[[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] | year =2005 | pages =79–80 | isbn = 0-8109-4968-7 | location = New York City}}</ref>
|-
|''[[ReBoot]]''
|First half-hour computer animated TV series.<ref>{{cite news|title= 'Reboot' Is First Series to Be Fully Computerized |publisher= LA Times|date=1994-11-10|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-10/entertainment/ca-61086_1_computer-animation|accessdate=2010-08-23 | first=Sharon | last=Bernstein}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]]''
|First CGI-rendered fur.<ref name=netzley50/>
|-
|''[[The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]]''
|First deceased actor ([[Brandon Lee]]) to be recreated through CGI.
|-
| ''[[Waterworld]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1995
|First realistic CG water.<ref name=netzley50/>
|-
| ''[[Casper (film)|Casper]]''
|First CGI lead character in feature-length film (preceded ''Toy Story'' by six months). First CGI characters to interact realistically with live actors.
|-
|''[[Toy Story]]''
|First CGI feature-length animation.
|-
|''[[Cassiopeia (film)]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center" |1996
| A Brazilian CGI animated feature film produced and released by NDR Filmes in Brazil on April 1, 1996. First CGI feature-length animation that did not use scanned models for heads.
|-
| ''[[Dragonheart]]''
|First 2D all-CGI backgrounds with live actors.
|-
|''[[Star Wars]]'' (Episodes ''[[Star Wars (film)|IV]], [[The Empire Strikes Back|V]] and [[Return of the Jedi|VI]] [[List of changes in Star Wars re-releases|Special Editions]]'')
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1997
|First re-release of a film to incorporate CGI characters and elements.
|-
|''[[Marvin the Martian in 3D]]''
|First computer animated movie viewed with 3D glasses.
|-
|''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
|First wide-release feature film with major elements rendered under the [[Open-source software|open-source]] [[Linux]] operating system.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6339 | publisher=Linux Journal | title=Linux and Star Trek | author=Rowe, Robin | date=2003-01-01}}</ref> Also included a number of advances, specifically in the rendering of flowing water.
<!-- |-
|''[[Antz]]
|rowspan=3 align="center" |1998
|First computer animated film to show digital water. (need ref) -->
|-
|''[[A Bug's Life]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center"| 1998
|First ever computer animated anamorphic widescreen film. First all digital transfer to DVD. First film to be reframed for home video releases.
|-
|''[[Invasion: Earth (TV series)|Invasion: Earth]]''
|First major use of digital effects in a British TV series (BBC/Sci-Fi Channel co-production)
|-
|'' [[Toy Story 2]]'' 
|rowspan=5 align="center" |1999
|First CGI feature-length animation sequel
|-
|''[[A Little Curious]]'' (''Bubble Love'')
|First use of a CGI character on live action video.
|-
|''[[Fight Club]]''
|First realistic close-up of detailed facial deformation on a synthetic human.
|-
|''[[The Matrix]]''
|First use of CG [[interpolation]] in [[Bullet Time]] effects.
|-
|''[[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]]''
|First film to use CG extensively for thousands of shots, including backgrounds, environmental effects, vehicles, and crowds. Several CG characters stood alongside real actors in dozens of shots, making them the first CG "supporting" cast members.
|-
|}

==2000s==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
|-
| ''[[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |2001
|First feature-length digital film to be made based on [[photorealism]] and [[live action]] principles. The first theatrically released feature film to utilize performance capture ([[motion capture]]) for all of its characters actions.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997597,00.html | work=Time | title=Cinema: A Painstaking Fantasy | date=2000-07-31}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (film)|Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]''
|First CGI feature-length movie made using [[Commercial off-the-shelf|off-the-shelf]] hardware and software.
|-
|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|First use of [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] for digital actors (using the [[Massive (software)|Massive]] software developed by [[Weta Digital]]).
|-
|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|align="center" |2002
|First photorealistic motion captured character for a film{{dubious|date=April 2012|reason=Isn't Final Fantasy the "first photorealistic motion captured character[s] for a film"?}}. First virtual actor to win an award ([[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] by [[Andy Serkis]] playing [[Gollum]]), in the newly created category ''Best Digital Acting Performance''
|-
|''[[The Matrix Reloaded]] and [[Matrix Revolutions]]''
|align="center" |2003
|''The Burly Brawl'' - the first use of "[[Universal Capture]]", the combination of [[Motion capture#Markerless|dense (rather than point-based) motion capture]], per-frame [[texture mapping|texture]] capture and [[optical flow]] of [[pixel]]s over the data from [[multi-camera setup|7 camera setup]] bought into a shared UV space by projection onto a neutral expression geometry leading to the introduction of realistic [[digital look-alike]]s, last missing piece into puzzle to make [[virtual cinematography|fully virtual cinematography]] possible. 
|-
|''[[Able Edwards]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" |2004
|First movie shot completely on a green screen using digitally scanned images as backgrounds.
|-
|''[[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow]]''
|First movie with all-CGI backgrounds and live actors.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.05/conran.html | work=Wired | title=Kid Robot and the World of Tomorrow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]''
|First [[computer animation|computer-animated]] [[3D film|3D]] film to be done with [[motion capture]].
|-
|''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]''
|align="center" |2005
|First fully [[computer animation|computer animated]] film in [[3D film|3D]] formats, [[Disney Digital 3D]] and [[RealD 3D]].
|-
|''[[Elephants Dream]]''
|align="center" |2006
|First CGI short movie released as completely open source. Made with [[Open Source]] software, theatrical and DVD release under [[Creative Commons]] License.<ref>http://www.elephantsdream.org/</ref> Unique that all 3D models, animatics and software are included on the DVD free for any use.
|-
|''[[Flatland (2007 film)|Flatland]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center" |2007
|First CGI feature film to be animated by one person. Made with [[Lightwave 3D]] and [[Adobe After Effects]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flatlandthefilm.com/news.php?CurrentPage=15|title=Flatland director Ladd Ehlinger Jr. starts column Filmmaker's Perspective for GreenCine.com|publisher=Flatland}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Beowulf (2007 film)|Beowulf]]''
|Entirely made in CGI, features motion capture for all actors and has realism as its foremost goal. The largest team ever assembled for an [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]]-produced movie (as of 2007) generated new animation tools for facial, body, and cloth design especially for the movie, and elements of keyframe animation were incorporated into the movie to capture the facial expressions of the actors and actresses.
|-
|''[[Plumíferos]]''
|rowspan=2 align="center" |2009
|First CGI feature-length movie made using [[Open Source]]/[[Free Software]] for all 3D models, animation, lighting and render process, under GNU/Linux operating system.
|-
|''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''
|First full-length movie made using performance-capture to create photo-realistic 3D characters and to feature a fully CG 3D photo-realistic world.  The first Virtual Art Department (VAD) and complete Virtual Production pipeline was developed by director James Cameron and team to create the film in real-time.
|-
|}

==2010s==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
|-
|''[[Toy Story 3]]''
|rowspan=3 align="center" | 2010
|First CGI feature-length movie to gross more than $1,000,000,000
|-
| ''[[Tangled]]''
|First CGI Disney princess ([[Rapunzel]])
|-
|''[[Coronation Street Live (2010)]]''
|First use of CGI in a live broadcast
|-
|''[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|The Adventures of Tintin]]''
| 2011
|First [[long take|continuous uninterrupted shots]] sequence done entirely on [[virtual cinematography]].
|-
|'' [[The Blue Umbrella (2013 film)|The Blue Umbrella]] ''
| 2012
|First entirely photorealistic short film.
|-
|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
| 2012
|First use of CGI in a full-length movie filmed at [[High Frame Rate]].
|-
|''[[Gravity (film)|Gravity]]''
| 2013
| [[long take|Continuous uninterrupted shots]] sequences done without using [[virtual cinematography]], only CGI backgrounds and live actors. The merge of two shots through digital backgrounds created the ilusion of a scene done entirely in one shot.
|-
|''[[Furious 7]]''
| 2015
|First use of [[motion capture]] in the recreation of a deceased actor ([[Paul Walker]]).
|}

== See also ==
* [[Animation]]
* [[List of computer-animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*Netzley, Patricia D. ''Encyclopedia of Movie Special Effects''. Checkmark Books, 2001.

==External links==
* [http://www.cg101.com CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference] ISBN 073570046X Unique and personal histories of early computer graphics production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels.
*[http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson11.html CG production companies] and [http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson14.html CGI in the movies] - detailed historical information
*[http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects1.html Milestones in Film History: Greatest Visual and Special Effects]

{{Animation}}

[[Category:Visual effects]]
[[Category:Computing timelines|CGI in movies]]
[[Category:Film]]
[[Category:Television technology]]